Polyhedral Realization of \(B(\infty)\)

sage.combinat.crystals.polyhedral_realization.InfinityCrystalAsPolyhedralRealization

The polyhedral realization of \(B(\infty)\).

Note

Here we are using anti-Kashiwara notation and might differ from some of the literature.

Consider a Kac-Moody algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\) of Cartan type \(X\) with index set \(I\), and consider a finite sequence \(J = (j_1, j_2, \ldots, j_m)\) whose support equals \(I\). We extend this to an infinite sequence by taking \(\bar{J} = J \cdot J \cdot J \cdots\), where \(\cdot\) denotes concatenation of sequences. Let

\[B_J = B_{j_m} \otimes \cdots \otimes B_{j_2} \otimes B_{j_1},\]

where \(B_i\) is an ElementaryCrystal.

As given in Theorem 2.1.1 of [Ka1993], there exists a strict crystal embedding \(\Psi_i \colon B(\infty) \to B_i \otimes B(\infty)\) defined by \(u_{\infty} \mapsto b_i(0) \otimes u_{\infty}\), where \(b_i(0) \in B_i\) and \(u_{\infty}\) is the (unique) highest weight element in \(B(\infty)\). This is sometimes known as the Kashiwara embedding [NZ1997] (though, in [NZ1997], the target of this map is denoted by \(\ZZ_J^\infty\)). By iterating this embedding by taking \(\Psi_J = \Psi_{j_n} \circ \Psi_{j_{n-1}} \circ \cdots \circ \Psi_{j_1}\), we obtain the following strict crystal embedding:

\[\Psi_J^n \colon B(\infty) \to B_J^{\otimes n} \otimes B(\infty).\]

We note there is a natural analog of Lemma 10.6.2 in [HK2002] that for any \(b \in B(\infty)\), there exists a positive integer \(N\) such that

\[\Psi^N_J(b) = \left( \bigotimes_{k=1}^N b^{(k)} \right) \otimes u_{\infty}.\]

Therefore we can model elements \(b \in B(\infty)\) by considering an infinite list of elements \(b^{(k)} \in B_J\) and defining the crystal structure by:

\[\begin{split}\begin{aligned} \mathrm{wt}(b) & = \sum_{k=1}^N \mathrm{wt}(b^{(k)}) \\ e_i(b) & = e_i\left( \left( \bigotimes_{k=1}^N b^{(k)} \right) \right) \otimes u_{\infty}, \\ f_i(b) & = f_i\left( \left( \bigotimes_{k=1}^N b^{(k)} \right) \right) \otimes u_{\infty}, \\ \varepsilon_i(b) & = \max_{ e_i^k(b) \neq 0 } k, \\ \varphi_i(b) & = \varepsilon_i(b) - \langle \mathrm{wt}(b), h_i^{\vee} \rangle. \end{aligned}\end{split}\]

To translate this into a finite list, we consider a finite sequence \(b_1 \otimes \cdots \otimes b_N\) and if

\[f_i\left( b^{(1)} \otimes \cdots b^{(N-1)} \otimes b^{(N)} \right) = b^{(1)} \otimes \cdots \otimes b^{(N-1)} \otimes f_i\left( b^{(N)} \right),\]

then we take the image as \(b^{(1)} \otimes \cdots \otimes f_i\left( b^{(N)} \right) \otimes b^{(N+1)}\). Similarly we remove \(b^{(N)}\) if we have \(b^{(N)} = \bigotimes_{k=1}^m b_{j_k}(0)\). Additionally if

\[e_i\left( b^{(1)} \otimes \cdots \otimes b^{(N-1)} \otimes b^{(N)} \right) = b^{(1)} \otimes \cdots \otimes b^{(N-1)} \otimes e_i\left( b^{(N)} \right),\]

then we consider this to be \(0\).

INPUT:

  • cartan_type – a Cartan type
  • seq – (default: None) a finite sequence whose support equals the index set of the Cartan type; if None, then this is the index set

EXAMPLES:

sage: B = crystals.infinity.PolyhedralRealization(['A',2])
sage: mg = B.module_generators[0]; mg
[0, 0]
sage: mg.f_string([2,1,2,2])
[0, -3, -1, 0, 0, 0]

An example of type \(B_2\):

sage: B = crystals.infinity.PolyhedralRealization(['B',2])
sage: mg = B.module_generators[0]; mg
[0, 0]
sage: mg.f_string([2,1,2,2])
[0, -2, -1, -1, 0, 0]

An example of type \(G_2\):

sage: B = crystals.infinity.PolyhedralRealization(['G',2])
sage: mg = B.module_generators[0]; mg
[0, 0]
sage: mg.f_string([2,1,2,2])
[0, -3, -1, 0, 0, 0]